Info Lowongan Kerja terbaru (bank, cpns/pns, bumn, administrasi, teknik tehnik) pekerjaan karir lamaran peluang informasi job vacancy career employment opportunity di Indonesia dan luar negri.
The annual radiation doses received by pilots and cabin crew are two to three times that of normal background radiation
VULNERABLE WORKFORCE: Research shows that exposure to cosmic radiation increases the risk of `nuclear cataract’ in airline pilots and other frequent flyers. — Photo: K. Pichumani
COSMIC RADIATION increases the risk of nuclear cataract in airline pilots, according to a study by Dr. Rafnsson and his colleagues in the August 2005 issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology. Cosmic rays are highly energy particles and radiation, which bombard the earth from outer space.
Nuclear cataract, the most common form occurs at the centre of the lens. The researchers examined 445 men (71 commercial pilots and rest were control group), aged 50 years or older. 71 had nuclear cataract; only 15 were pilots.
Major findings
The authors found that pilots with long years of flying experience had about three times risk from nuclear cataract compared to others, even after accounting for other risks factors.
They estimated the radiation dose to pilots based on employment time, annual number of hours flown on each type of aircraft, timetables and flight profiles. Pilots who worked for more time had more exposure to cosmic radiation; they had greater chance of developing nuclear cataract.
Dr Michael Clark from the UK Health Protection Agency thinks that cosmic radiation was unlikely to be the cause of the pilot’s cataract.
BBC quotes him as saying that the annual radiation doses received by the pilots and aircrew are two to three times that of normal background radiation. “This is well within the range of variations in background doses at ground level, so we would not expect to see any health effects,” Dr Clark clarified. The report on cataract of pilots remains controversial.
In 1990, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) proposed that employers should consider pilots and cabin crew as occupationally exposed and that they must monitor their exposure levels.
European Union directed that for the crew who are liable to be exposed to more than one millisievert (mSv) annually, the employers must assess their exposures. (millisievert is a unit of radiation dose; one mSv per year is the ICRP dose limit for general public and 20 mSv per year averaged over five years is the dose limit for radiation workers including pilots).
The employers should consider the assessed exposures when organising work schedules. Control of dose to aircrew is feasible.
Doses to aircrew
FAA’s Civil Aero-medical Institute, USA, estimated the radiation doses to aircrew in 32 one-way flights (including some long haul) to different destinations. It varied between 0.023 to 0.80 mSv in a 100 hr block.
The largest annual dose received by a crew member who works for 1000 block hours a year is much less than the dose limit of 20 mSv recommended by the ICRP.
The European Directive stipulates that the radiation exposure to pregnant crew should be as low as reasonably achievable. ICRP considers the foetus as a member of public; the dose limit to foetus is one mSv starting from the declaration of the pregnancy. In addition, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), USA prescribes a monthly limit of 0.5mSv.
Pregnant crew can minimise dose by working on short, low altitude, low latitude flights. At the lower exposure level, radiation dose to foetus would not exceed the limit, regardless of the number of months flown.
Dose to some frequent business travellers may exceed the annual limit of one mSv. For them, we may justifiably apply the annual occupational limit of 20 mSv. ICRP supports this view. The radiation dose to an occasional airline passenger will be negligible. Both groups need not worry over radiation risks.
(The author is Raja Ramanna Fellow with the Department of Atomic Energy
This entry was posted on August 20, 2005 at August 20, 2005 and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
Cari Kerja via Google
Lowongan Hari Ini
Job Interview Tips
An interview gives you the opportunity to showcase your qualifications to an employer, so it pays to be well prepared. The following information provides some helpful hints.
Preparation:
Learn about the organization.
Have a specific job or jobs in mind.
Review your qualifications for the job.
Be ready to briefly describe your experience, showing how it relates it the job.
Be ready to answer broad questions, such as “Why should I hire you?” “Why do you want this job?” “What are your strengths and weaknesses?”
Practice an interview with a friend or relative. More....
Evaluating a Job Offer
Once you receive a job offer, you must decide if you want the job. Fortunately, most organizations will give you a few days to accept or reject an offer.
There are many issues to consider when assessing a job offer. Will the organization be a good place to work? Will the job be interesting? Are there opportunities for advancement? Is the salary fair? Does the employer offer good benefits? Now is the time to ask the potential employer about these issues—and to do some checking on your own.
The organization. Background information on an organization can help you to decide whether it is a good place for you to work. Factors to consider include the organization’s business or activity, financial condition, age, size, and location.
You generally can get background information on an organization, particularly a large organization, on its Internet site or by telephoning its public relations office. A public company’s annual report to the stockholders tells about its corporate philosophy, history, products or services, goals, and financial status. Most government agencies can furnish reports that describe their programs and missions. Press releases, company newsletters or magazines, and recruitment brochures also can be useful. Ask the organization for any other items that might interest a prospective employee. If possible, speak to current or former employees of the organization.
Background information on the organization may be available at your public or school library. If you cannot get an annual report, check the library for reference directories that may provide basic facts about the company, such as earnings, products and services, and number of employees. Some directories widely available in libraries either in print or as online databases include:
Dun & Bradstreet’s Million Dollar Directory
Standard and Poor’s Register of Corporations
Mergent’s Industrial Review (formerly Moody’s Industrial Manual)
Thomas Register of American Manufacturers
Ward’s Business Directory
Stories about an organization in magazines and newspapers can tell a great deal about its successes, failures, and plans for the future. You can identify articles on a company by looking under its name in periodical or computerized indexes in libraries, or by using one of the Internet’s search engines. However, it probably will not be useful to look back more than 2 or 3 years.
The library also may have government publications that present projections of growth for the industry in which the organization is classified. Long-term projections of employment and output for detailed industries, covering the entire U.S. economy, are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and revised every 2 years. Trade magazines also may include articles on the trends for specific industries.
Career centers at colleges and universities often have information on employers that is not available in libraries. Ask a career center representative how to find out about a particular organization.
During your research consider the following questions:
Does the organization’s business or activity match your own interests and beliefs?
It is easier to apply yourself to the work if you are enthusiastic about what the organization does.
How will the size of the organization affect you?
Large firms generally offer a greater variety of training programs and career paths, more managerial levels for advancement, and better employee benefits than do small firms. Large employers also may have more advanced technologies. However, many jobs in large firms tend to be highly specialized.
Jobs in small firms may offer broader authority and responsibility, a closer working relationship with top management, and a chance to clearly see your contribution to the success of the organization.
Should you work for a relatively new organization or one that is well established?
New businesses have a high failure rate, but for many people, the excitement of helping to create a company and the potential for sharing in its success more than offset the risk of job loss. However, it may be just as exciting and rewarding to work for a young firm that already has a foothold on success.
The job. Even if everything else about the job is attractive, you will be unhappy if you dislike the day-to-day work. Determining in advance whether you will like the work may be difficult. However, the more you find out about the job before accepting or rejecting the offer, the more likely you are to make the right choice. Consider the following questions:
Where is the job located?
If the job is in another section of the country, you need to consider the cost of living, the availability of housing and transportation, and the quality of educational and recreational facilities in that section of the country. Even if the job location is in your area, you should consider the time and expense of commuting.
Does the work match your interests and make good use of your skills?
The duties and responsibilities of the job should be explained in enough detail to answer this question.
How important is the job to the company or organization?
An explanation of where you fit in the organization and how you are supposed to contribute to its overall goals should give you an idea of the job’s importance.
What will the hours be?
Most jobs involve regular hours—for example, 40 hours a week, during the day, Monday through Friday. Other jobs require night, weekend, or holiday work. In addition, some jobs routinely require overtime to meet deadlines or sales or production goals, or to better serve customers. Consider the effect that the work hours will have on your personal life.
How long do most people who enter this job stay with the company?
High turnover can mean dissatisfaction with the nature of the work or something else about the job.
Opportunities offered by employers. A good job offers you opportunities to learn new skills, increase your earnings, and rise to positions of greater authority, responsibility, and prestige. A lack of opportunities can dampen interest in the work and result in frustration and boredom.
The company should have a training plan for you. What valuable new skills does the company plan to teach you?
The employer should give you some idea of promotion possibilities within the organization. What is the next step on the career ladder? If you have to wait for a job to become vacant before you can be promoted, how long does this usually take? When opportunities for advancement do arise, will you compete with applicants from outside the company? Can you apply for jobs for which you qualify elsewhere within the organization, or is mobility within the firm limited?
Salaries and benefits. When an employer makes a job offer, information about earnings and benefits are usually included. You will want to research to determine if the offer is fair. If you choose to negotiate for higher pay and better benefits, objective research will help you strengthen your case.
You may have to go to several sources for information. One of the best places to start is the information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
You should also look for additional information, specifically tailored to your job offer and circumstances. Try to find family, friends, or acquaintances who recently were hired in similar jobs. Ask your teachers and the staff in placement offices about starting pay for graduates with your qualifications. Help-wanted ads in newspapers sometimes give salary ranges for similar positions. Check the library or your school’s career center for salary surveys such as those conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers or various professional associations.
If you are considering the salary and benefits for a job in another geographic area, make allowances for differences in the cost of living, which may be significantly higher in a large metropolitan area than in a smaller city, town, or rural area.
You also should learn the organization’s policy regarding overtime. Depending on the job, you may or may not be exempt from laws requiring the employer to compensate you for overtime. Find out how many hours you will be expected to work each week and whether you receive overtime pay or compensatory time off for working more than the specified number of hours in a week.
Also take into account that the starting salary is just that—the start. Your salary should be reviewed on a regular basis; many organizations do it every year. How much can you expect to earn after 1, 2, or 3 or more years? An employer cannot be specific about the amount of pay if it includes commissions and bonuses.
Benefits also can add a lot to your base pay, but they vary widely. Find out exactly what the benefit package includes and how much of the cost you must bear.
Related Search:
lowongan aircrew online, kerjaya opthamology, postdoc in cosmic rays, effect of air travelling on cataract
